GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (Questions)

                                          Famous Places in India

Place	Location
Ajanta	Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
Amarnath Cave	Kashmir
Akbar's Tomb	Sikanara, Agra
Amber Palace	Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Anand Bhawan	Allahabad
Bhakra Dam	Punjab
Bibi Da Maqbra	Aurangabad
Birla Planetorium	Calcutta
Black Pagoda	Konark (Orissa)
Bodhisatva	Ajanta Caves
Brihadeeswara Temple	Tanjavur, Tanjor
Brindaban Gardens	Mysore
Buland Darwaza	Fatehpur Sikri
Charminar	Hyderabad
Cheena Kesava Temple	Belur
Chilka Lake	East Coast of India near Bhubaneshwar
Dal Lake	Srinagar
Dilwara Temple	Mt.Abu
Elephanta Caves	Bombay
Ellora Caves	Aurangabad
Gateway of India	Bombay
Golden Temple	Amritsar
Gol Gumbaz	Bijapur
Hanging Gardens	Bombay
Hawa Mahal (Place of winds)	Jaipur
Howrah Gridge	Calcutta
Island Palace	Udaipur
Itmaad-ud-Daulah's Tomb	Agra
Jagannath Temple	Puri
Jahaz Mahal	Mandu, M.P.(City of Joy)
Jai Stambha (Tower of Victory)	Chittorgarh
Jama Masjid	Delhi
Jantar Mantar	New Delhi
Jog (Gersoppa) Falls	Karnataka
Kailasa Temple	Ellora
Kanyakumari Temple	Kanyakumari
Khajuraho	M.P.
Kirti Stambha (Tower of victory)	Chittorgarh
Kornark	Orissa
Lakshmi Vilas Palace	Baroda
Lal Bagh Garden	Bangalore
Lalgarh Palace	Bikaner
Mahabaleshwar Temple	Ujjain (M.P.)
Maheshmuri (Trimurty)	Elephanta Caves
Malabar Hill	Bombay
Man Mandir Palace	Gwalior Fort
Marble Rocks	Jabalpur
Marina Beach	Madras
Minakshi Temple	Madurai
Mt. Girnar(Jain Temple)	Junagadh
Nagin Lake	Srinagar
Nishat Bagh	Srinagar
Padmanabha Temple	Trivandrum
Palitana	Junagadh
Panch Mahal	Fatehpur Sikri
Pichola Lake	Udaipur
Prince of Wales Muserm	Bombay
Qutab Minar	Delhi
Raj Ghat	New Delhi
Rashtrapati Bhawan	New Delhi
Red Fort	Delhi
Sanchi Stupa	Sanchi(Bhopal)
Sahar	Bombay
Sarnath Temple	Varanasi
Sidi Sayyid Mosque	Ahmedabad
Shalimar Bagh	Srinagar
Shahi Chashma	Srinagar
Shanti Vana	New Delhi
Shore Temple	Mahabalipuram
Somnath Temple	Gujarat
Statue of Gomateswars	Karnataka
Statue of Ugra Narasimha	Hampi
Sunderbans	West Bengal
Sun Temple	Konark
Taj Mahal	Agra
Tripati Temple	Andhra Pradesh
Tower of Silence	Bombay
Victoria Memorial	Calcutta
Victoria Garden	Bombay
Vijay Ghat	New Delhi

Nobel Prize Winners Physics

Year Name Nations 1901 Wilhelm C.Roentgen Germany 1902 Hendrik A.Lorentz & Pieter Zeeman Dutch 1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie France 1904 John W. Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Britain 1905 Philipp E.A.Von Lenard Germany 1906 Sir. Joseph J.Thomson Britain 1907 Albert A.Michelson U.S 1908 Gabriel Lippmann Franch 1909 Carl F. Braun Guglielmo Marconi Germany Italy 1910 Johannes D. Van der Waals Dutch 1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany 1912 Nils G. Dalen Sweden 1913 Heike kamerlingh Onnes Dutch 1914 Max von Laue Germany 1915 Sir William H. Bragg, Sir William H. Bragg Britain 1917 Charles G. Barkla Britain 1918 Max K.E.L. Planck Germany 1919 Johnnes Stark Germany 1920 Charles E.Guillaume France 1921 Albert Einstein Germany - U.S. 1922 Niels Bohr Danish 1923 Robert A. Millikan U.S 1924 Karl M.G. Siegbahn Sweden 1925 James Franck, Gustav Hertz Germany 1926 Jean B. Perrin France 1927 Arthur H.Compton Charles T.R Wilson U.S Britain 1928 Owen W. Richardson Britain 1929 Prince Louis-victor de Broglie France 1930 Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman India 1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany 1933 Paul A.M. Dirac Erwin Schrodinger Britain Australia 1935 Sir James Chadwick Britain 1936 Carl D. Anderson Victor F. Hess U.S Australia 1937 Cliton J. Davisson Sir Geroge P. Thomson U.S. Britain 1938 Enrico Fermi Italy U.S 1939 Ernest O. Lawrence U.S. 1943 Otto Stern U.S 1944 Isidor Issac Rabi U.S. 1945 Wolfgang Pauli U.S 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman U.S. 1947 Sir Edward V. Appleton Britain 1948 Patrick M.S.Blackett Britain 1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan 1950 Cecil f. Powell Britain 1951 Sir John D. Cockroft Ernest T.S.Walton Britain Iran 1952 Felix Bloch Edward M. Purcell U.S 1953 Frits Zernike Dutch 1954 Max Born Walter Bothe Britain Germany 1955 Polykarp Kusch, Willis E.Lamb U.S 1956 John Bardeen Walter H. Brattain William Shockley U.S 1957 Tsung-dao-Lee Chenning Yang U.S 1958 Pavel Cherenkov Ilya Frank, Igor Y. Tamm USSR 1959 Owen Chamberlain Emilio G.Segre U.S 1960 Donald A. Glaser U.S 1961 Robert Hofstadter Rudolf L. Mossbauer U.S Germany 1962 Lev. D. Landau USSR 1963 Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Eugene P. Wigner J. Hans D. Jensen U.S Germany 1964 Nikolai G. Basov, aleksander M. Prochorov Charles H. Townes USSR U.S 1965 Richard P. Feynman Julian S. Schwinger Shinichiro Tomonaga U.S Japan 1966 Alfred Kastler Franch 1967 Hans A. Bethe U.S 1968 Luis W. Alvarez U.S 1969 Murray Gell-Mann U.S 1970 Louis Neel,br>Hammes Alfven France Switzerland 1971 Dennis Gabor Britain 1972 John Bardeen Leon N. Cooper John R. Schrieffer U.S 1973 Ivar Giaever Leo Esaki Vrian D. Josephson U.S Japan Britain 1974 Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish Britain 1975 James Rainwater Ben Mottelson Aage Bohr U.S U.S-Danish Danish 1976 Burton Richter Samuel C.C Ting U.S 1977 John H.Van Vleck,Philip W. Anderson Nevill F. Mott U.S Britain 1978 Pyotr Kapitsa Arno Penzias, Robert Wilson USSR U.S 1979 steven Weinberg, Sheldon L. Glashow Abdus Salam U.S Pakistan 1980 James W. Cronin Val L. fitch U.S 1981 Nicolass Bloembergen, Arthur Schaalow Kai M.Siegbahn U.S Sweden 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson U.S 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar William a. Fowler Indian U.S Citizen U.S 1984 Carlo Rubbia Simonvan der Meer Italy Dutch 1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany 1986 Ernest Ruska,br>Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer Germany West Germany Swiss 1987 K.Alex Muller J. Georg Bednorz Switzerland West Germany 1988 Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Jack Steinberger U.S 1989 Norman F. Ramsey Hans G. Dehmelt Wo9lfgang Paul U.S. Grmany-U.S. Germany 1990 Richard E. Taylor Jerome I. Griedman, Hendry W.Kendall Canada U.S 1991 Pierre - Giles de Gennes France   1992 Georges Charpak Poland - France 1993 Joseph H. Taylor, Russell A. Hulse U.S. 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse Clifford G. Shull Canada U.S 1995 Martin L. Perl of Standfrod University and Frederick Reins of the University of California Switzerland U.S. 1996 David M.Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C.Richardson U.S 1997 Steven Chu, William D. Phillips Claude Cohen Tannoudji U.S. France 1998 Prof. Robert B. Laughlin, Prof Horst L. Stormer, Prof. Daniel C. Tsui U.S 1999 Gerardus T. Hooft, Martinus J.D. Veltman Netherland 2000 Mr.Zhores I.Alferov Herbert Kroemer Jack Kilby Russia German   2001 Eric A. Cornell Wolfgang Ketterle Carl E. Wieman   USA German USA 2002 Raymond Davis Jr. Riccardo Giacconi Masatoshi Koshiba USA USA Japan

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE: 
When a body is immersed either wholly or partially in a fluid at rest, the apparent loss of weight suffered by it is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.

AVOGADRO's LAW: 
Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.

BLACK BODY RADIATION: 
A black body absorbs heat or radiates heat more quickly than any other body.

BOILING POINT: 
It increases with the increase of pressure. The presence of impurities also raises the boiling point of a liquid.

CENTRE OF GRAVITY: 
A body will remain at rest only if the vertical line through the centres of gravity passes through the base of support of the body.

COULOMB'S LAW: 
The force between the two electric charges reduces to a quarter of its former value when the distance between them is doubled.

FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS: 
The amount of chemical change during electrolysis is proportional to the charge passed. The masses of substances liberated or deposited by the same quantity of electric charge are proportional to their chemical equivalents.

(more content follows the advertisement below)
A D V E R T I S E M E N T

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER: 
In chemical changes, matter is neither created nor destroyed. The sum total of the masses of all the products of a chemical change is exactly equal to the sum total of the substances from which these products have been formed.

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS: 
The amount of heat given to a system is equal to the sum of the increase in the internal energy of the system and the external work done. It is impossible to construct a continuous self-acting machine that can pump heat energy from a body at lower temperature to a body at higher temperature.

LENZ'S LAW: 
When an electric current is induced by a change in magnetic field, the induced current is always in such a direction that its magnetic field opposes the change of field which causes the induction.

MASS - ENERGY EQUATION: 
E = mc², where E = quantity of energy released from the annihilation of matter of mass 'm', c = velocity of light. It implies that mass and energy are interchangeable.

NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING: 
The rate at which a body cools or loses its heat to its surroundings is proportional to the excess of mean temperature of the body over that of the surroundings, provided this temperature excess is not too large.

NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION: 
Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force, directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION: 
Everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by a force [called Law of Inertia].

The rate of change of momentum of a moving body is proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction of the force. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

OHM'S LAW: 
The amount of current flowing in an electric circuit is governed by the voltage of the battery on dynamo which powers it. In other words, the current through a conductor is directly proportional the potential difference across the conductor and inversely proportional to its resistance.

RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT: 
Light travels in a straight line. Total internal reflection takes place when a ray of light tries to pass from a denser medium to a rarer medium at an angle of incidence more than the critical angle.

Military, Aviation And Naval Terms

ARSENAL	Place where arms and ammunition are manufactured and stored.
BATTALION	An army unit consisting of 1,000 combatants led by a Lieutenant Colonel.
BATTERY	A unit of a number of artillery guns, mobile or fixed.
(more content follows the advertisement below) A D V E R T I S E M E N T
BULL'S EYE	The point of target that has t be aimed or hit while practicing shooting.
COCKPIT	Pilot's seat in the fuselage of an aeroplane.
CAMOUFLAGE	Hiding of objects by various means to deceive or bamboozle the enemy about their real location thereby protecting them from air and ground attacks.
COMMANDO	A mobile body of guerilla fighters.
CONSCRIPTION	Compulsory recruitment of personnel for service in the armed forces.
DIVISION	Normally, a division has 20,000 troops commanded by a Major General equipped with two or more brigades of infantry with befitting artillery and engineering equipment.
DOGFIGHT	An aerial duel between two or more aircraft's at a close range.
FLOTILLA	A fleet of boats or small ships.
GUIDED MISSILES	Powered by rockets or jet propulsion, they are unmanned, self propelled air or space vehicle fitted with explosive warheads. Guided missiles are either self directed with inlaid controls or under remote controls based on the firing range.
ICBM	Inter Continental Ballistic Missile is a rocket propelled surface to surface guided missile carrying a nuclear warhead which can reach a destined city or installation in the world and destroy it entirely.
INTERMEDIATE RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILE (IRBM)	It is of three types, viz, air to air, surface to air, and air to surface. Air to air guided missile, launched from an aircraft is employed to hit target in the battlefield. Surface to surface and air to air guided missiles are employed against enemy missiles or targets.
JUMBO JET	A large passenger jet aircraft having the capacity to life nearly 447 passengers.
NUCLEAR UMBRELLA	Giving air shield to a city or by nuclear weapons. It is also called parasol or Sombrero.
STAR WARS	Deployment of weapons on satellites in space with a view to destroy inter-continental ballistic missiles in space coming from the enemy.
SQUADRON	Air Force formation consisting of 20 aircraft's commanded by a Squadron Leader.

SCIENCE TERMINOLOGY

Science is knowledge, often as opposed to intuition, belief, etc. It is, in fact, systematized knowledge derived from observation, study and experimentation carried on in order to determine the nature or principles of what is being studied. There are many sciences, each concerned with a particular field of study. In each science measurement plays an important part. In each science, too, a study is made of the laws according to which objects react. Here are some sciences.

ACOUSTICSThe study of sound (or the science of sound).

ACROBATICS:The art of performing acrobatic feats (gymnastics).

AERODYNAMICS:
(i) The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases.
(ii) The study of the motion and control of solid bodies like aircraft, missiles, etc., in air

AERONAUTICS: The Science or art of flight.

AEROSTATICS:The branch of statics that deals with gases in equilibrium and with gases and bodies in them.

AESTHETICS:The philosophy of fine arts.

AETIOLOGY:The science of causation.

AGROBIOLOGY:The science of plant life and plant nutrition.

AGRONOMICS:The science of managing land or crops.

AGRONOMY:The science of soil management and the production of field crops.

AGROSTOLOGY:The study of grasses.

ALCHEMY:Chemistry in ancient times.

ANATOMY:The science dealing with the structure of animals, plants or human body.

Political And Social Terms

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

APARTHEID  Policy of racial segregation practiced by the South African Government. ADJOURNMENT A motion moved by a member of a legislature to adjourn consideration of the issues in hand for discussing a matter of urgent public importance. AMNESTY Grant of pardon or exemption from prosecution to political importance. ARMISTICE Temporary cessation of hostilities pending formal negotiations for peace. (more content follows the advertisement below) A D V E R T I S E M E N T APPEASEMENT The policy of gratifying one's enemy with concession and special grants by sacrificing even principles. AUTONOMY Power to control internal affairs. BILATERAL AGREEMENT An agreement between two countries. BLOCKADES Imposing closure of ports and waterways to prevent ships from reaching or leaving it. BOLSHEVISM The doctrine of Proletarian Dictatorship as propounded by Lenin. BOURGEOISE Capitalist class in Marxian terminology. BUFFER STATE A small neutral state between two big states. BY-ELECTION A mid term election to fill a seat rendered vacant. CASTING VOTE A vote casting of which decides the tie. CAUCUS A powerful group of party. CHARGED AFFAIRS The senior most diplomat after the head of the mission, officiating in his absence. COALITION Combination of two or more parties with the purpose of forming a composite government. CONFEDERATION Alliance of nations for some specific purpose our retaining the respective individual nation sovereignty. COLD WAR The state of ideological or wordy warfare between two countries or blocks. ENVOY A diplomatic emissary accredited to the country and holding position below that of an ambassador. FIFTH COLUMN An anti-national clique of spies and saboteurs. FLOOR CROSSING The act of changing political loyalty by a person or a group. FRANCHISE Right to cast vote in the public elections. GALLUP POLL An opinion poll-may be with the help of interview. GENOCIDE Intention to destroy wholly or in part a religious, ethnic or political group. GHERAO Encircling a person and rending him incapable of doing anything till he/she concedes demands. GLOSNOST Means openness. Term used for reforms introduced in Russian society by M.Gorbachov. HABEAS CORPUS A type of a writ issued by a High Court or Supreme court against illegal detention of a person. HOT LINE A direct telephone link between the White House and Kremlin established in 1963. IMPEACHMENT Trial by the Parliament. LOBBYING Exercising influence or pressure on members of the legislative bodies in the lobby for supporting or opposing an issue in the House. LOK PAL An official appointed by the President to investigate public complaints against ministers and high officials. MANIFESTO A declaration of political party about its policies and programmes given at the time of elections. NATIONALISATION  The act of taking business undertakings an institutions by the state and controlling them. NAXALITE A movement violent in character believing in Maoism: the term was first used for the peasants of Naxalbari (West Bengal) who rose against the landlords demanding land for the landless. NEW DEAL The name given to the policy of Franklin D.Roosevelt to revive and boost American economy . ORDINANCE An Act or decree promulgated by the Head of State in an emergency or when the legislative body is not in session. PERESTROIKA Used for Gorbachov's move to restructure political and economical structure of the Russian society. PLEBISCITE Voting on regional or national issue. PERSONALITY CULT Too much adulation for a ruler or a political figure. PRIVY PURSE Yearly allowances granted to the princes of Indian states after the merger of their states with the Indian Union. (New these purses are abolished). PRIVILEGE MOTION A motion moved by a legislator drawing attention of the House towards a matter involving breach of privilege of the House or any of its members. REFERENDUM People's verdict on some constitutional amendment and some other legislative issue of controversial nature. SECULARISM Affirmation in all the faiths, showing no official patronage to any religions or religions. SANCTIONS Penalty or reward imposed for disobedience or obedience attached to the law. SOCIALISM Control of production and means of distribution in the hands of the State. STATUTE Law made by the Parliament, enshrined in the statue book, which are binding on al subjects, of a particular country. SUFFRAGE Right of voting in political elections. SELF-DETERMINATION Right of a nation deciding its own form of government, its political destiny or independence. TERRITORIAL WATERS Areas of the sea up to 12 km measured from the low water mark of the coast and within the executive control of an adjacent State. UNICAMERAL A legislature having only one House. VETO Right to reject any resolution or enactment passed by the legislature.

Towns Associated With Industries

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

TOWN STATE INDUSTRY Aliabet Gujarat Oil Well Alwaye Kerala Aluminium, Monazite; Rare Earth's Factory Ambarnath Maharashtra Machine Tools Prototype Factory Anand Gujarat Amul Butter, Cheese and Baby Food (more content follows the advertisement below) A D V E R T I S E M E N T Arvi (near Pune) Maharashtra TV Reception Station; Satellite Communication Avadi, Chennai Tamil Nadu Heavy Vehicles; 'Vijayanta'Tank Bailadila Madhya Pradesh Iron ore; Machanised mine Barauni Bihar Oil Refinery Baroda Gujarat Heavy Water Plant Basti Uttar Pradesh Fruit Research Bhadravati Karnataka Alloy Steel Bhandara Maharashtra Explosives Bhatinda Punjab Thermal Plant Bhestan Gujarat Nylon Bhilai Madhya Pradesh Steel Plant Bhopal Madhya Pradesh Heavy Electricals Bodra West Bengal Oil Bokajan Assam Cement Plant Bokaro Bihar Steel Plant Burnpur and Kulti West Bengal Iron and Steel Cambay Gujarat Petroleum Chandiharh The Capital of Punjab and Haryana The beautiful City designed by late Mons. Corbusier Chandrapura Bihar Thermal Power Chittaranjan West Bengal Locomotive Cochain Kerala Shipbuilding Debari (near Udaipur) Rajasthan Zinc Dhuvaran Gujarat Thermal Power Doiwala (near Dehra Dun) U.P Satellite Earth Station Durgapur West Bengal Steel Plant; Dry Ice Ennore Tamil Nadu Thermal POwer Ernakulam Kerala Cables Gomia Bihar Explosives Gopalpur-on-Sea Orrisa Guided Missiles Centre Haldia West Bengal Oil Refinery Harduaganj Uttar Pradesh Thermal Power Hissar Haryana Indo-Australian Shep-Farm Hoshangabad Madhya Pradesh Security Paper Mill Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh HTM Hydraulic Press Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh Vehicles-"Shakti-man" and "Nissan" Jaduguda Bihar Uranium ore Mill Jalsindhi Maharashtra Hydroelectric Jawalamukhi Himachal Pradesh Petroleum Jetsar Rajasthan Mrchanized Farm

Famous Places In World

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

Place Famous For AUROVILLE UNESCO sponsored world's first international town near Pondichery in Tamil Nadu named after Aurobindo Ghose. The town with an area of 15sq. miles and a population of 50,000 will be a self-supporting township having gour zones, viz., cultural, industrial, residential and international. It was inaugurated on February 28,1963. ABU SIMBAL (U.S.A.) A monument executed by UNSCO in Egypt, the famous temple at Nybia (Egypt) was facing submergence as result of the construction of Aswan Dam. UNSCO has reconstructed it at a cost of 36 million dollars and was inaugurated on 12th Sept. 1968. ADAM'S BRIDGE Sand and rock bridge between Sri Lanka and India. Legent has is that was constructed by Lord Rama when he was in invade Lanka of Ravana. ALICE SPRINGS(Australia) Spring with medicinal properties. BIG BEN Name given to the big clock of the British Parliament building. (more content follows the advertisement below) A D V E R T I S E M E N T BILLING'S GATE London fish market. As a term, it means foul language. DODOMA This is going to be the new capital of Tanzania in place of Dar-es-Salam. EIFFEL TOWER 985 feet high tower in Paris build by Gustav Effel in 1887-89 at a cost of 2,00,000 ELBA An isolated island in the Meduterranean Sea, where Napoleon was exiled in 1841. ELLORA Famous for rock-pruned Kailash Temple (Aurangabad) in Maharashtra. An exquisite piece of Dravidian art. Ellora cave temples, 34 in number, present a blend of caves representing Buddhism and Jainism constructed in 8th century A.D. ELYSEE PALACE Official residence of the President of France. It was the venue of Paris Peace parleys on Vietnam. EMPIRE STATE BUILDING (U.S.A) World's one of the loftiest structures. It has 103 storeys and a height of 1200 feet. ESCURIAL One of the longest palaces in Spain.

Famous Towns In World

Name Famous For No 10, Downing Street Official residence of the British Prime Minister. Abadan(Iran) Famous for oil refinery Alaska (U.S.A.) In 1958 it was declared as 49th State of U.S.A. It is near Canada Alexandria City and sea-port of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great. Handles about 80% of the country's exports. Angkor Wat Ruined temple in Cambodia. Signposts of ancient oriental civilization. Aswam Dam A dam in Egypt across the River Nile. Baku Oilfields of Azerbaijan. Bastille It was a Jail in Paris. Destroyed during the French Revolution. Beding (Australia) Famous for gold mines. Bethlehem A town Palestine, the birth place of Christ. Bikini Atoll In Pacific Ocean, where first hydrogen bomb was tested by U.S.A. Bikini An atoll of the Marshall Islands. Atomb Bomb was dropped here experimentally in 1948. Bratislava A town in Czechoslovakia on Czech-Russian border. Buckingham Palace London residence of the British monarch. Chushul In Ladakh, highest airfield in the world. Chinese troops attacked it in 1962. Corsica An island where Napoleon was born. Detroit (U.S.A) The biggest car manufacturing town in the world. Elephanta Caves (India) Situated in an island 15 miles from Bombay. Famous for the statues of Siva and Parvati. Fleet Street Press Center in London. Gaza Strip In Egypt near Israeli border, was seat of United nations Emergency Force till 1957. Now under Israeli occupation. Gibraltar Key to Mediterranean, fortress and novel base situated on rock in the extreme South of Spain. Golden Temple (India) Famous temple of the Sikhs at Amritsar, constructed by Guru Ram Dass. Hiroshima An industrial center of Japan which was destroyed by atom bomb in 1945. Hollywood (California. U.S.A.) Famous for film industry Hyde Park A huge park in London. Jerusalem City in Israel. Jesus Christ was crucified here (now capital of Israel) Khajuraho It is the State of chattarpur, Bundelkhand in Madhya Pradesh. It is famous for Mahadev Temple. Khorkov Important town of Ukraine, manufactures motor cars, tractors and agricultural machinery. Lop Nor Palace in Sinkiang (Red China), site for atomic tests. Los Angeles A part of California (U.S.A.) The famous film industry of Hollywood is established here. It is famous as Cinima City of the world. Lusaka Venue of non-aligned nations summit in September 1970. Capital of Zambia. Manchester (U.K.) Cotton manufacturing city. It is one of the world's biggest cloth manufacturing center. Marseilles City and Seaport of Southern France. Famous for silk, wine, olive soap, margarine and candles. Mecca (Saudi Arabia) Sacred place of the Muslims because Prophet Mohammed was born here. Montreal Longest city of Canada. Famous for iron and steel works and motor car factories. Nagasaki (Japan) It is noted for its iron and steel industries. Atom was dropped here during World War II. New Castle An important port on the Tyne in England, famous for coal industry. New Orleans (U.S.A.) It is the greatest cotton and wheat exporting center in the world. Osaka (Japan) Known as the Manchester of Japan. It is sometimes called the Venice of Japan. Pisa In Italy, famous for Leaning Tower, one of the seven wonders of the world. Pentagon Headquarters of American Defence Forces. Phnom-Penh Capital of Cambodia. Plais Des Nations Venue in Geneva for holding international conferences. Potala Dalai Lama's palace at Lhasa (Tibet). Sinai Peninsula of Egypt between the Gulfs of Suez and Aquba, at the head of Red Sea. Seychelles Island in Indian Ocean, got freedom on June 28, 1976. Sodom In Israel, the lowest point on earth. Vatican Official residence of the Pope of Rome. Versaillers (France) Famous for the treaty of Versailles which ended World War I in 1918. Vienna Capital of Austria. The venue of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) between Russia and U.S.A. Walling Wall Part of the Western Wall of the Temple Court in Jerusalem. Part of the wall, probably dates from the time of Solomon, is regarded by both Jews and Moslems as one of special sanctity. Wall Street In Manhattan, New York, famous for American's stock exchange market. White House The official residence of the President of U.S.A. in Washington D.C. Zurich (Switzerland) Famous for the manufacture of cotton and silk and for its lenses.

Chief Industries of the Countries

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

Country Industries Afghanistan Dry and fresh fruits, wool carpets Australia Wool, dairy products, meat Austria Textile, leather goods, electro-technical machines Brazil Foot wear, coffee, iron ore Belgium Glass, textiles, transport equipment Canada Newsprint, machinery Chile Copper, iron ore (more content follows the advertisement below) A D V E R T I S E M E N T Congo Oil, tobacco, plywood Cuba Sugar, tobacco, textiles, chemicals Denmark Fur,farm products France Textile, wine, silk, iron and steel products Germany Machinery, chemicals, iron and steel products Ghana Cocoa, gold, coffee India Jute, textile, sugar, hides and skins, tobacco, tea, cement, mica Indonesia Sugar, spices, rubber, rice, petroleum, carpets, leather Iran Petroleum, carpets, dry fruits Iraq Dates, Petroleum Italy Mercury, textiles, foodstuffs, footwear Japan Machinery, textiles, toys, silk, automobiles, electronic goods Kenya Coffee, tea, meat, sisal, hides, skins, cement, soda ash Kuwait Petroleum, Shrimp Malaysia Rubber, tin, timber, petroleum Netherlands Machinery, natural gas, chemicals Saudi Arabia Oil, dates, petroleum and its products Spain Lead, fresh fruits, textiles Sweden Matches, timber, iron ore Switzerland Watches, chemicals, electrical Taiwan Camphor, rice UK Textiles, medicines, machinery cars USA Petroleum, wheat, machinery, coal, automobiles, iron, grains Russia Petroleum, wheat, chemicals, heavy machinery, iron, gold Vietnam Tin, rice, rubber, teak, mineral ores

Nuclear Research Centers in India

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

Research Center Place Atomic Energy Commission Bombay Bhabha Atomic Research Center Trombay (Bombay) Electronics Corporation of India Hyderabad High Altitude Research Laboratory Gulmarg (Kashmir) (more content follows the advertisement below) A D V E R T I S E M E N T Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur (West Bengal) Central Mining Research Institution Dhanbad (Bihar) Indian Rare Earths, Ltd., Alwaye Radio Astronomy Center Ootacamund Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Calcutta Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bombay Tata Memorial Center Bombay Uranium Corporation of India Jaduguda(Bihar)

Largest Lakes Of The World

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

Name and Location Area in Sq.Km. Caspian Sea, Russia 393,898 Superior, U.S.A. Canada 82,814 Nyanza, Tansania-Uganda, Kenya 69,485 Aral Russia 66,457 Huron, U.S.A. Canada 59,596 Michigan, U.S.A. 58,016

RIVERS

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

RIVER OUTFLOW LENGTH Nile Mediterranean Sea 6,690 Amazon Atlantic Ocean 6,296 Mississippi Missouri-Red Rock Gulf of Mexico 6,020 Yangtze-Kiang China Sea 5,797 (more content follows the advertisement below) A D V E R T I S E M E N T Ob Gulf of Ob 5,567 Yellow (Hwang Ho) Gulf of Chihli 4,667 Yenisey Arctic Ocean 4,506 Parana Rio de la plata 4,498 Irtish Ob River 4,438 Congo Atlantic Ocean 4,371 Amur Tatar Strait 4,352 Lena Artic Ocean 4,268 Mackenzie Beaufort Sea (Artic Ocean) 4,241 Niger Gulf of Guinea 4,184 Mekong South China Sea 4,023 Mississippi Gulf of Mexico 3,779 Missouri Mississippi River 3,726 Volga Caspian Sea 3,687 Maderia Amazon River 3,238 Purus Amazon River 3,207 Sao Francisco Atlantic Ocean 3,198 St. Lawrence Gulf of St. Lawrence 3,058 Yukon Bering Sea 3,058 Rio Grande Gulf of Mexico 3,034 Brahmaputra Ganges River 2,897 Indus Arabian Sea 2,897 Danube Black Sea 2,842 Euphrates Shatt-al-Arab 2,799 Darling Murray River 2,739 Zambezi Mozambique Channel 2,736 Tocantins Para River 2,699 Murrary Indian Ocean 2,589 Nelson Hudson Bay 2,574 Paraguay Parana River 2,549 Ural Caspian Sea 2,533 Ganges Bay of Bengal 2,506 Amu Darya (Oxus) Aral Sea 2,414 Japura Amazon River 2,414 Salween Gulf of Martaban 2,414 Arkansas Mississippi River 2,333 Colorado Gulf of California 2,333 Dnieper Black Sea 2,284 Ohio Alledheny Mississippi River 2,102 Irrawaddy Bay of Bengal 2,092 Orange Atlantic Ocean 2,092 Orinoco Atlantic Ocean 2,062 Pilcomayo Paraguay River 1,999 Xi Jiang (Si Kiang) China Sea 1,989 Columbia Pacific Ocean 1,983 Don Sea of Azov 1,968 Sungari Amur River 1,955 Saskatchewan Lake Winnipeg 1,939 Peace Great Slave River 1,923 Tigris Shatt-al-Arb 1,899

SEAS

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

RIVER OUTFLOW LENGTH Nile Mediterranean Sea 6,690 Amazon Atlantic Ocean 6,296 Mississippi Missouri-Red Rock Gulf of Mexico 6,020 Yangtze-Kiang China Sea 5,797 (more content follows the advertisement below) A D V E R T I S E M E N T Ob Gulf of Ob 5,567 Yellow (Hwang Ho) Gulf of Chihli 4,667 Yenisey Arctic Ocean 4,506 Parana Rio de la plata 4,498 Irtish Ob River 4,438 Congo Atlantic Ocean 4,371 Amur Tatar Strait 4,352 Lena Artic Ocean 4,268 Mackenzie Beaufort Sea (Artic Ocean) 4,241 Niger Gulf of Guinea 4,184 Mekong South China Sea 4,023 Mississippi Gulf of Mexico 3,779 Missouri Mississippi River 3,726 Volga Caspian Sea 3,687 Maderia Amazon River 3,238 Purus Amazon River 3,207 Sao Francisco Atlantic Ocean 3,198 St. Lawrence Gulf of St. Lawrence 3,058 Yukon Bering Sea 3,058 Rio Grande Gulf of Mexico 3,034 Brahmaputra Ganges River 2,897 Indus Arabian Sea 2,897 Danube Black Sea 2,842 Euphrates Shatt-al-Arab 2,799 Darling Murray River 2,739 Zambezi Mozambique Channel 2,736 Tocantins Para River 2,699 Murrary Indian Ocean 2,589 Nelson Hudson Bay 2,574 Paraguay Parana River 2,549 Ural Caspian Sea 2,533 Ganges Bay of Bengal 2,506 Amu Darya (Oxus) Aral Sea 2,414 Japura Amazon River 2,414 Salween Gulf of Martaban 2,414 Arkansas Mississippi River 2,333 Colorado Gulf of California 2,333 Dnieper Black Sea 2,284 Ohio Alledheny Mississippi River 2,102 Irrawaddy Bay of Bengal 2,092 Orange Atlantic Ocean 2,092 Orinoco Atlantic Ocean 2,062 Pilcomayo Paraguay River 1,999 Xi Jiang (Si Kiang) China Sea 1,989 Columbia Pacific Ocean 1,983 Don Sea of Azov 1,968 Sungari Amur River 1,955 Saskatchewan Lake Winnipeg 1,939 Peace Great Slave River 1,923 Tigris Shatt-al-Arb 1,899

Governors

Indian State	Name	Took Office	List
Andhra Pradesh	E.S.L. Narasimhan	27 December 2009	all
Arunachal Pradesh	General Joginder Jaswant Singh	24 January 2008	all
Assam	Janaki Ballabh Patnaik	27 November 2009	all
Bihar	Devanand Konwar	24 July 2009	all
Chhattisgarh	Shekhar Dutt, SM	23 January 2010	all
Goa	Bharat Vir Wanchoo	4 May 2012	all
Gujarat	Kamla Beniwal	27 November 2009	all
Haryana	Jagannath Pahadia	27 July 2009	all
Himachal Pradesh	Urmila Singh	25 January 2010	all
Jammu and Kashmir	Narinder Nath Vohra	25 June 2008	all
Jharkhand	Syed Ahmed	4 September 2011	all
Karnataka	Hans Raj Bhardwaj	29 June 2009	all
Kerala	Hans Raj Bhardwaj ("additional charge" due to the death of M. O. H. Farook)	16 January 2012	all
Madhya Pradesh	Ram Naresh Yadav	8 September 2011	all
Maharashtra	K. Sankaranarayanan	22 January 2010	all
Manipur	Gurbachan Jagat	23 July 2008	all
Meghalaya	Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary	1 July 2008	all
Mizoram	Vakkom Purushothaman	2 September 2011	all
Nagaland	Nikhil Kumar	15 October 2009	all
Orissa	Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare	21 August 2007	all
Punjab	Shivraj Patil	22 January 2010	all
Rajasthan	Margaret Alva	12 May 2012	all
Sikkim	Balmiki Prasad Singh	9 July 2008	all
Tamil Nadu	Konijeti Rosaiah	31 August 2011	all
Tripura	Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil	27 November 2009	all
Uttarakhand	Aziz Qureshi	15 May 2012	all
Uttar Pradesh	Banwari Lal Joshi	28 July 2009	all
West Bengal	M.K. Narayanan	24 January 2010	all

[edit]Lieutenant Governors

Lieutenant Governors are in charge of a Union Territory. He/she is given almost the same powers chief ministers have over their states. However the rank is given just to the 3 union territories ofDelhi, Pondicherry and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Lieutenant-governors hold the same rank as a governor of a state in the list of precedence.

However, Delhi and Pondicherry have a measure of self-government with an elected legislature and cabinet- hence the role of the Lieutenant-Governor in those territories is more akin to that of a state governor.

The other 4 territories have an administrator appointed, who is an Indian Administrative Service officer.

Union Territory	Name of the Governor	Took Office	List
Andaman and Nicobar	Lt. Gen. Bhopinder Singh PVSM,AVSM	29 December 2006	all
Delhi	Tejendra Khanna	9 April 2007	all
Pondicherry	Iqbal Singh	27 July 2009	all

[edit]Administrators

Union Territory	Name	Took Office	List
Chandigarh	Shivraj Patil	22 January 2010	all
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	B.S. Bhalla	31 Aug. 2012	all
Daman and Diu	B.S. Bhalla	31 Aug. 2012	all
Lakshadweep	Amar Nath	11 July 2011	all

[edit]See also

List of railway ministers

Railway Ministers
Name	Portrait	Term	Party	Notes
John Mathai		1947	Congress	(not formally designated the Minister for Railways) presents the first Railway budget for independent India
N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar		1948–1952	Congress	worked on consolidating the various railways into the zonal railways
Lal Bahadur Shastri		1952–1956	Congress	Resigned in 1956 taking responsibility for three fatal railway accidents
Jagjivan Ram		1956–1962	Congress
Sardar Swaran Singh		1962	Congress
Ram Subhag Singh & Kengal Hanumanthaiah		1967	Congress	Some sources suggest that Kengal Hanumanthaiah was Railway Minister later, in 1971-72. Ram Subhag Singh is also mentioned in some sources as a railway minister in 1969.
C. M. Poonacha		1968	Congress	In Some source his tenure was 1966-68.
Panampilly Govinda Menon		1969	Congress
Gulzari Lal Nanda		1970–1971	Congress	Kengal Hanumanthaiah may have been the Railway Minister briefly in 1971
T. A. Pai		1972–1973	Congress
Lalit Narayan Mishra		1973–1975	Congress	killed by a bomb blast 2-Jan-1975, at the opening of a railway line in Samastipur
Kamalpati Tripathi		1975–1977	Congress
Prof. Madhu Dandavate		1977–1979	Janta Party
Kedar Pandey		1980–1981	Congress
A. B. A. Ghani Khan Chowdhury		(1981?) 1982–1984	Congress
Bansi Lal		1984	Congress	A brief stint during a reorganization of some ministries and government departments
Madhav Rao Scindia		1984–1989	Congress
George Fernandes		1989–1990	National Front
Janeshwar Mishra		1990–1991		Very short tenure .
C. K. Jaffer Sheriff		1991–1995	Congress
Atal Bihari Vajpayee		1996	BJP	Short term in 13 day BJP govt where he was also the Prime minister
Ram Vilas Paswan		1996–1998	LJP
Nitish Kumar		1998–1999	JDU
Mamata Banerjee		1999–2000	TMC	Mamata Banerjee became the first women Railway Minister of India.
Nitish Kumar		2001–2004	JDU
Laloo Prasad Yadav became the first Yadav and the best Railway Minister of India.		2004–2009	RJD
Mamata Banerjee		2009–2011	TMC	Mamata Banerjee resigned from the Railway Ministry on 19 May 2011, after she became the Chief Minister of West Bengal.
Manmohan Singh		2011	INC	Manmohan Singh, briefly, who held the Railways portfolio along with being PM,after the resign of Mamata Banerjee.
Dinesh Trivedi		12 July 2011–14 March 2012	TMC	He was forced to resign on 14/3/2012 ,and Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee asked the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to replace Dinesh Trivedi with Mukul Roy, as India's next Minister of Railways , on 14 March 2012. This happened after Dinesh Trivedi increased fare across board in his Railway Budget for the fiscal year 2012–13.
Mukul Roy		20 March 2012 – 21 September 2012	TMC	Mukul Roy and other five ministers of TMC resigned on September 21,2012 as TMC chief and Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee withdraws support to the UPA 2 Government due to Price rise in Diesel,Petrol and UPA's decision on 51% FDI on retail .[1]
C. P. Joshi		22 September 2012 – 28 October 2012	INC
Pawan Kumar Bansal		Since 28 October 2012	IN
Chief Ministers & Governors of Indian States

S. NO.	Name of States	Chief Minister	Governor
1	Andaman & Nicobar		Lt. Gen. (Retd.) Bhopinder Singh, PVSM, AVSM
2	Andhra Pradesh	Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy	Shri. E. S. L. Narasimhan
3	Arunachal Pradesh	Nabam Tuki	General (Rtd.) J.J. Singh
4	Assam	Shri Tarun Gogoi	Shri. Janaki Ballav Pattanaik
5	Bihar	Shri Nitish Kumar	Sh Devanand Konwar
6	Chandigarh	U.T.	Shri Shivraj V. Patil (Administrator)
7	Chhattisgarh	Dr. Raman Singh	Shri Shekhar Dutt
8	Goa	Shri Manohar Parrikar	Shri BV Wanchoo
9	Gujarat	Shri Narendra Modi	Dr. Kamla Beniwal
10	Haryana	Shri Bhupinder Singh Hooda	Shri Jagannath Pahadia
11	Himachal Pradesh	Virbhadra Singh	Urmila Singh
12	Jammu Kashmir	Omar Abdullah	Sh. N. N. Vohra
13	Jharkhand	Arjun Munda	Dr. Syed Ahmed
14	Karnataka	Shri Jagadish Shettar	Shri H R Bhardwaj
15	Kerala	Shri Oommen Chandy	Shri H R Bharadwaj
16	Madhya Pradesh	Shri Shivraj Singh Chouhan	Ram Naresh Yadav
17	Maharashtra	Shri Prithviraj Chavan	K. Sankaranarayanan
18	Manipur	Shri Okram Ibobi Singh	Sh. Gurbachan Jagat
19	Meghalaya	Mukul Sangma	Sh. Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary
20	Mizoram	Lal Thanhawla	Shri Vakkom Purushothaman
21	Nagaland	Shri Neiphiu Rio	Shri Nikhil Kumar
22	New Delhi	Smt Sheila Dikshit	Mr. Tejendra Khanna
23	Orissa	Sh. Naveen Patnaik	Shri Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare
24	Puducherry	Shri N. Rangasamy	Sh. Iqbal Singh
25	Punjab	Shri Parkash Singh Badal	Shri Shivraj Patil
26	Rajasthan	Shri Ashok Gehlot	Smt. Margaret Alva
27	Sikkim	Shri Pawan Chamling	Sh. Balmiki Prasad Singh
28	Tamil Nadu	Sushree J. Jayalalithaa	Konijeti Rosaiah
29	Tripura	Shri Manik Sarkar	Dr. D Y Patil
30	Uttar Pradesh	Akhilesh Yadav	Shri B L Joshi
31	Uttarakhand	Vijay Bahuguna	Aziz Qureshi
32	West Bengal	Km. Mamata Banerjee	Shri M. K Narayanan
33	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	U.T.	Shri B.S. Bhalla (Administrator)
34	Daman and Diu	U.T.	Shri B.S. Bhalla (Administrator)
35	Lakshadweep	Shri B V Selvarj (Administrator)	Shri Amar Nath

Elections in India

Elections in India, a vibrant democracy, and the second most populous nation in the world, involves a mega exercise by a gigantic government machinery. India a federal country has a bicameral legislature which means there are two houses in the Indian Parliament -the Lok Sabha House of people, and the Rajya Sabha or Council of States.

The most common understanding of elections is the General Elections or the Lok Sabha elections in which registered adult voters cast their votes and based on the results of these votes the directly elected members of a political party form the government with the majority party choosing its leader as the Prime Minister.

But those are not the only elections conducted in India. Elections are held for the State Assemblies or Vidhan Sabha through which the state governments are formed and the Chief Minister chosen, and also for local government bodies such as the Municipalities and the Panchayats.

The President of India and members of the Rajya Sabha are also elected, though, through a different method. 

Who conducts the Elections

The Election Commission, an independent, constitutional, three-member body, prepares the electoral rolls and conducts the elections to the Parliament and the State legislature, in addition to the elections to the offices of the President of India and the Vice President of India. It has vast sweeping powers during elections with its responsibility ranging from declaring the dates of the elections, the counting of votes, to the submission of results to the executive head of the centre i.e. President, and of the state i.e. the Governor.

The Election Commission also sets the limit for election expenditure in any constituency. This amount is periodically revised and varies for Parliamentary and State Assembly constituencies for each state. For example, currently election expenditure for states such as UP and Bihar is Rs 25 Lakhs, and for Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep Rs Ten Lakhs.

Normal term for all elected bodies is five years. Elections are held every five years from the date of beginning of term unless the Parliament or the Assembly is dissolved before its term.

Re elections and bye- elections for parliamentary constituencies are held when a sitting MP or MLA dies, or resigns. In addition, re elections are also held if no major party is able to form a government either at the centre or at the state level. 

Eligibility

The Indian Constitution and the subsequent Acts of the Parliament have laid clear guidelines for the eligibility to contest the Lok Sabha and the Vidhan Sabha elections.

Indian nationals 25 years and above are eligible. A non-citizen of India cannot contest the elections.

A person convicted of any offense and sentenced to an imprisonment of two or more years is disqualified from contesting elections. This includes a person on bail, after a conviction and with his appeal pending for disposal by the court.

A person can be disqualified as a member to the houses if he is declared mentally insane by a competent court or if he is an undischarged insolvent. Any person who has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign country too is disqualified. 

Parliament

Members of the parliaments or MPs are elected to the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The majority party in the Lok Sabha then chooses the Prime Minister. He can be a member of either house. If he is not a member then he needs to get elected to either house within six months.

For contesting the Lok Sabha elections, candidate of a recognized political party needs one proposer from his constituency for his nomination. However, an independent candidate needs ten proposers. A person can contest elections only from a maximum of two constituencies. Eligible candidates are required to make a security deposit; currently the amount is Rs Ten Thousand.



Rajya Sabha is a permanent body; however, one third of its members retire every second year and elections are held for those seats. The eligibility criteria are same as that of Lok Sabha. The only difference is that Indian nationals 30 years and above are eligible and serve a full term of six years. The Rajya Sabha members are the representatives of the states thus an electoral college of the elected members of the State Assembly elects them with a system of proportional representation by a single transferable vote. 

President of India

The President is elected by an electoral college which consists of the elected members of both the houses of the parliament as well as the elected members of the state assemblies. The term is for five years. There is a reelection in case of death or resignation of the incumbent.

Indian nationals of 35 years and above are eligible. In addition, the candidate must be qualified for election to the Lok Sabha. He or she should also not be a member of either houses of parliament or of the state assembly or hold any office of profit.

The office holders of Vice President and the Governor of State as well as ministers of the Union and the State are permitted to stand for election with the proviso that the person shall have deemed to have vacated that office when he enters the presidential office.

The Vice President, the second highest office holder after the President is elected by a system of proportional representation by the members of both the houses of the parliament. The eligibility for the Vice President is same as that of the President. The term lasts five years and the election is held on expiry of term of the incumbent and a reelection in case of death, or resignation. 

State Assemblies and Councils

Most Indian states have one house the Vidhan Sabha. However in states of Bihar, J&K, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and UP, there is an additional house the Legislative Council or the Vidhan Parishad.

The members of the Vidhan Sabha or MLAs are directly elected by the registered voters from the constituencies in the state for a term of five years. Some of the members of the legislative council are elected by the members of local authorities such as municipalities and district boards, and some are elected by MLAs. The rest are nominated by the Governor. Legislative councils are not dissolved but one third of the members retire every second year. 

Local Government

Each state has a State Election Commission which prepares the electoral rolls and conducts the elections to local government bodies such as municipalities and Panchayats.

The term of the councilors of the Municipal Corporations is five years from the date of its first meeting and elections are held before the expiry of the present term. Indian nationals of 21years and above are eligible. In addition he or she must be a registered elector in the electoral rolls of a municipal ward.

Other requirements for contesting the elections are that a candidate of a political party needs one eligible voter from his ward as a proposer. Independent candidates need ten proposers. Every candidate has to file an affidavit at the time of filing his nomination, giving the details of his involvement in any criminal cases, and his assets, liabilities and educational qualifications. He also needs to deposit a security of Rs three thousand.

Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh Elections News

Gujarat Assembly Elections: The Election Commission has announced the dates for the upcoming assembly elections in Gujarat. The elections will be held in two phases on 13th and 17th December. The notifications for the Gujarat elections will be issued on 17th and 23rd November. The counting of the votes will take place on 4th November according to the Chief Election Commissioner. The last date for filing nominations in Gujarat is 24th November for the first phase and 30th November for the second phase. After scrutiny on 26th November and 1st December for the two phases, the last date for candidature withdrawal will be 28th November and 3rd December respectively. All together 44,496 polling stations will be set up in Gujarat for 3.78 crore voters. Gujarat has 182 assembly constituencies, out of which 13 are reserved for SCs and 27 for STs.

Polls in Himachal Pradesh:The election polls in Himachal Pradesh are scheduled to take place on 4th November as per the Election Commission. The notifications will be issued on 10th October for Himachal Pradesh and the counting of votes will take place on December 20th. The filing of nomination will end on 17th October and scrutiny will take place on 18th October. The last date for nomination withdrawal of is 20th October. 7,252 polling stations will be set up in Himachal Pradesh for 45.16 lakh voters. Himachal Pradesh has 68 constituencies out of which 17 are reserved for SCs and 3 for STs.

The Model Code of Conduct has come into operation and The EC will enforce it strictly and will monitor all activities related to the elections in these states. Fresh guidelines have been issued for posting out all officers during the conduct of polls. Police officers above the rank of Sub-Inspector who have completed three years in the last four years of their posting will be chosen. The use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) has been approved as first level checks have already been done. To make sure that voters whose names were left out earlier, the Commission organized a special summary revision of rolls as Booth Level Officers (BLO) went door-to-door recently to gather data.

India State Elections

·        Bihar

·        Assam

·        Arunachal Pradesh

·        Andhra Pradesh

·        Jharkhand

·        Tamil Nadu

·        Meghalaya

·        Nagaland

·        Sikkim

·        Chhattisgarh

·        Gujarat

·        Haryana

·        Jammu & Kashmir

·        West Bengal

·        Mizoram

·        Tripura

·        Himachal Pradesh

·        Madhya Pradesh

·        Karnataka

·        Uttarakhand

·        Uttar Pradesh

·        Manipur

India General Elections History

·        General Elections 1951

·        General Elections 1957

·        General Elections 1962

·        General Elections 1967

·        General Elections 1971

·        General Elections 1977